The Impact of Tourist Trips to Cairo and Giza

Statement of the study: This paper aims to conduct a comprehensive study on the impact of tourist trips to Cairo and Giza, given the potential implications of this for the UNESCO World Heritage site inscribed as Historic Cairo and Memphis. In this study, tourism is seen as a natural and necessary component to be planned in order to realize this aim and only serves to enforce it as a resource and an asset that is to be addressed critically and constructively. This study is designed to analyze the impact of the tourist trips and transit in Cairo and Giza, pinpointing the types of the used means of transportation, the origins, and the destinations, the motivations of this by the results of preliminary data.

To achieve our objectives and inform the project in elaborating our major outputs we use desk-based literature review is conducted at work. In addition to the act of collecting the relevant data and information, the following steps are addressed by this study as below: A desk-based literature review to gather the materials and publications that have already undergone in tourism ghettos and the potential impacts of them on the built environment.

For this, the study is guided by the following questions: i. What are the tourist trips' origins in Cairo & Giza? ii. Which means of transportation are being used? iii. How long are the periods of trips and transit? iv. What are visitors' purposes of a trip and transit?

Method of inquiry: Analyzing the impact of the tourist trips to Cairo and Giza, the time and money that the transits spend in the visit without continuing to the main destinations are to be considered, as they represent approximately 90% of the tours spent at a stopover in Cairo and Giza. The research pathways to understand tourists' behavior when moving between domestic and international travel destinations are still in their infancies. The phenomenon of tourism ghettoization is still unstudied in the Egyptian reality but remains a potential hazard negatively affecting the existing-building fabric of this ghetto, especially with the current upswing in the tourism scene worldwide.

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Historical and Cultural Significance of Cairo and Giza

Cairo and Giza boast significant cultural and historical sights, which appeal to a broad category of tourists wishing to explore a blend of heritage and modernity. Apart from being the epoch-making seat of pharaohs and Mamluks, the former being the period characterized by grand edifices like the pyramids and the Tombs of the Caliphs and the latter by its associations with famous Muslim theologians, the two places are littered with structures indicative of various historical periods and dynasties. The area, which has naturally increased in competitive intensity with the growth of the twin cities and the multiplication of different social strata, is studded with rich and well-tended structures.

The pyramids at al-Jizah (Giza) form the highest and most respected concentration of Egypt’s second-millennium BC. Located on 15 square miles of the desert Giza Plateau, it is 2.7 kilometers from the old city center on the west bank of the Nile. Al-Jizah (Giza) is one of a group of satellite settlements, including Ma'sarah, of modern Greater Cairo. It is thus confined within the southern boundaries of the metropolitan area and is just a few kilometers away from the lighthouse of Alexandria and the water of the Red Sea. The site is also known as Giza, El-Ghiza, and El-Giza, indicating an Arabic origin. Lying on both sides of the River Nile, the Cairo and Giza districts encompass wide areas. In ancient times, the Libya Desert formed Cairo’s western limit, while on the east was the largely dilapidated remains of Fustat (founded in 642 AD), once considered Cairo but absorbed over time by Cairo’s and Giza’s suburbs. Interestingly, al-Fustat was the first Muslim city in Egypt before the later rulers occupied the nearby Cairo. Beyond, studded with remarkable sights, lie Saqqara, the Pyramid field of al-Jizah with its evolving museum sphere at Memphis, and the village of. A narrowing strip between the river and the wider desert holds the most frequented sights of Cairo, and it is in this direction that most city tours are organized, including the trip to a chocolate factory.

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Tourist Attractions in Cairo

Cairo is the capital and the largest city of Egypt. It is referred to as the greatest city in Africa and the Middle East. Many tourists visit Cairo for various reasons, including environmental, cultural, and recreational. In electronic tourism through the Internet, there are numerous people from all over the world who are interested in the Egyptian tourist sites and cities, and especially the pyramids of Giza, ancient Thebes, which have very interesting skills.

Throughout the LWIR, the city of Cairo appears to have the strongest urban heat island effect. Other popular tourist attractions in Cairo include the Egyptian Museum and Citadel of Saladin. The Egyptian Museum is one of the most ancient and historical museums in the world. The museum has many artifacts, sarcophagi, portraits, and other treasures from Abydos, Saqqara, and the Valley of Kings. The museum also contains the treasures of the Pharaoh Tutankhamun which were discovered by Howard Carter in 1922 AD. Other well-known attractions in the greater metropolitan area include the pyramids of Giza. Giza lies about 20 kilometers to the west of the city center. During the tourist season, these world-known wonders can attract up to 9,000 visitors per day. Excursions to the pyramids usually include horseback or camel rides, and time in the nearby bazaar. More than ten million tourists come annually to visit the Pyramids of Giza. Thus, the city of Giza receives more tourists than the province of Luxor, with its world-famous attractions, temples, and tombs.

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Pyramids of Giza

The Pyramids of Giza stand as a memorable piece of Egypt's historical and cultural heritage that has long attracted numerous travelers, researchers, and adventurers who journeyed to this region by horse, camel, donkey, and on foot to explore their grandeur. Admiring such tomb plantations is as much about the bedrock on which they rise. Quarried from the low region itself for the Khufu pyramid at least, much of the rocky plate of Giza is actually the very same limestone that underlies the Nile floodplain: riven by faults and crystalline weakness, shaped and reshaped by stream erosion, and pocked with southwest to northeast oriented dissolution features. The limestone river clays and lengthened lake silt overlie much of this weathered rocky plateau. The spectrum of operative factors has historically interwoven an exaggeration of the purposes and lay of the area plateau.

Over these has lingered a haze of mystery and a charm steadily brewing around its surrounding enigmatic stories that has drawn researchers and archaeologists from around the world to come to the Giza region and study the architectural attractions, open areas and urban contexts, architectural restoration methods of ancient monuments, internal structures of pyramids, internal spaces and corridors, buildings built on pyramid mounts, the reflections of conservation on the surrounding areas, and the results of the physical scanning process. Despite the apparent value following their use as aesthetic wonders and indeed matters of economic and prestige value by the Greeks and later Eurocolonialists, the area's tomb plantations remained overlooked by scholars largely until very recently. Thus excitement and countless diversions aside, the questions of importance are: What is it that makes the Giza pyramids so special? How have the residents of the Cairo metropolis felt about their gleaming plateau-spectacle? And what mechanism deserves to be embraced in their protection and conservation?

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The Egyptian Museum

The Egyptian Museum is one of the greatest museums in the world, where a thousand invaluable and irreplaceable objects from ancient Egypt are displayed, including over a hundred thousand remarkable images which exhibit ancient Egypt’s splendid culture. These images are engraved on stones, wood, papyri, metal leaves, furniture, jewelry, masques, coffins, mummies, and others. In the museum, there is one of the most splendid collections of jewelry from ancient times, especially of the Middle and New Kingdoms. Among the invaluable masques displayed in the museum is the golden masque showing the significant skill of making masques in ancient Egypt.

The museum is an important and fundamental center of cultural and historical research, where researchers come from all around the world to get acquainted with Egypt’s history. The museum is not only a home for antiques, but also it offers other entertaining facilities, including a library that contains a huge number of books on ancient Egypt with various local and international languages, a journal of the museum, and visiting hours. The museum issues two books on ancient Egypt in Arabic and English languages annually. The museum pays particular attention to children and youth who are the future of civilization. Visitors may enjoy viewing Egypt’s most fascinating monuments with a magnificent view of Giza plateau and theosophical philosophical concept. A very crowded pyramid area, in our own fieldwork, is liable to be drained. In conclusion, the above discussion confirms that the influx of tourists has an enormous impact on the museum’s facilities and the preservation of its unique contents.

Khan el-Khalili Bazaar

Today, Khan el-Khalili is considered one of the country's most significant souqs according to the Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities. It is visited by local and global tourists, and both groups consider it to be an essential component of their experience while being in Cairo. As a marketplace, Khan el-Khalili provides the visitor with a broad range of goods and services, including traditional handcrafted goods, antiques, and jewelry, among others. In other words, it's a marketplace that has commercial significance, serving both locals and visitors. In the present day, Khan el-Khalili may be a focal point of many visitors' itineraries because here world travelers can buy traditional Egyptian souvenirs and enjoy a range of cultural experiences during their visit, concentrated in the area around the bazaar itself.

Khan el-Khalili is Cairo's oldest and largest souq. It is a bustling, noisy marketplace teeming with local color and selling basically everything from jewelry to handicraft souvenirs to leather goods, perfume, traditional Egyptian costumes, antiques to wooden chests, and fabulous food. Visitors to Khan el-Khalili say that "it is a unique place, which built the old houses of Cairo and gave you the feeling of the splendor of Egypt life and you feel warm because all the people there welcome you and the best thing there is the Islamic souvenirs." Moreover, it is reported that a "street musician, friendly people and bagel seller who says, 'bagel only one pound,' and never fails to make you smile. The bazaar is a major attraction for tourists who are visiting Egypt. It is an important source of income boosting the local economy. Most studies of marketplaces discuss the place solely in terms of the commercial experience taking place. Rarely are the social and economic aspects of the visit examined and only then within various contexts. This is especially true of the Khan el-Khalili readership. In the western press, the Khan is often depicted as a dangerous place where tourists must be cautious of pickpockets and where even violence is not uncommon. For its own population, the Khan is a mostly despised market full of cheap plastic junk sold mainly to tourists. Khan el-Khalili is part of the Islamic Cairo district that has been listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The area is a shopping and entertainment district home to many coffee shops, restaurants, and street food vendors. The bazaar also includes many street vendors, who tout themselves outside stalls, making the experience for both locals and tourists not always wholly positive.

Tourist Attractions in Giza

Tourists visit Giza to admire the truly astounding Pyramids of Giza, one of the Seven Wonders of the World. The Great Pyramid is the only one of the Seven Wonders still in existence and is a world-famous symbol of Egypt, visible in the distance from various parts of Cairo.

The city of Giza and its pyramid necropolis have received a considerable number of visitors for millennia because the Great Pyramid (used for a time as a corner tower of the outer defenses of Cairo), the Pyramid of Khafre, the Pyramid of Menkaure, the Great Sphinx and the meals associated with them are two of the supreme attractions of antiquity. The pyramids of Giza and the Sphinx were known to the Greeks, through the priests of the ancient temple of this country, from time immemorial. The first site on the itinerary of tourists to the ancient world, they have continued to be visited in recent centuries in Europe. Today, tourists visit the pyramids, the Sphinx and the Solar Boat Museum, which houses the Khufu Ship, and the bilingual Reisner Papyri, the "Diary of Merer."

Great Sphinx of Giza

The Great Sphinx of Giza is known for holding the same type of charismatic aura that the pyramids behold, and this very thing witnesses to the nature of Egypt’s commitment to enchant the tourist to visit and revisit the very myth that comes to address the early advent of civilization and the notion of urban life. But, who built it and why? The Sphinx likely originated with a monument to the Pharaoh Khafre (Fourth Dynasty) which represented his valor and strength and appears to have been conceived and constructed simultaneously with his Pyramid and Mortuary-Temple. The sphinx is said to be built around 2575-2465 BC with a length of 240 feet (73 m), a width of 20 feet (6 m), and the height of 66 feet (20 m). Even after being buried in sand approximately up to the shoulder level, the head of the Sphinx stood 66 feet (20m) tall.

The archaeological remains of the Giza Necropolis give us extensive evidence of the rising population in ancient Egypt, and thanks to the comparatively peaceful times, it witnessed large numbers of tourists which can account for the large numbers engaged for the construction of the sites. The upper lips of the great sphinx had been subjected to extreme erosion with a deep trough. Initial theories went as far as to suggest the sphinx might have been fashioned after an ancient lion, but since no lion figures were ever found, this argument was received with mixed reviews. To date, the Sphinx has been questioned of being a dog with an odd-shaped skull and a lionine body, to being an open-air temple dwarfed by other buildings depicting their heads and faces, and each of these different proposals has united some and divided others. According to most hidden evidence (like underground caverns) and secret documents with proof have been kept or destroyed.

Saqqara Necropolis

Saqqara Necropolis lacks rivaling architectural elements such as ancient temples or architectural sites in Giza, although it is visited due to the Step pyramid of Djoser and richly decorated mastaba tombs which give it educational and scientific importance. The necropolis also encompasses chapels for the officials who participated in funerary rituals and ceremonies, as well as mortuary temples which were culturally used for festivities held annually for the deceased. Eventually, the most ancient cemetery (1st Dynasty to early Old Kingdom), including the Step pyramid, together with other "Old Kingdom monuments," is well preserved in cultural heritage, including the unrevealed 5th and 6th Dynasties tombs. This undoubtedly suggests selling it as a "genuine" and "undeveloped" site in contrast to the well-known Giza plateau but also with brief possibilities.

The Saqqara Necropolis has been considered by the Supreme Council of Antiquities as a big and attractive archaeological site adjacent to the UNESCO World Cultural site of Giza pyramids area. In addition to the unpredictable results of the future investigations, based on geo-archaeological and/or landscape evidence, enhancement events for the site visitors, including tourist potential, are also not an available option due to the traditional construction of mud-bricks with silt from the desert, drought-related decay, and urbanization. Regarding the further development of facilities including the area nearby, Saqqara Necropolis staff have indicated very seldom direct tourism requirements such as access, cleanliness, friendly services, and transport. Hence, the concept of sustainable tourism is an index for the extent of activity by tourists at this interesting archaeological site. It turns out to be ground-breaking for studying this type of deserted area.

Economic Impact of Tourism

Tourism is widely recognized as an important contributor to the economy of many destinations. Not only does inbound tourism generate foreign exchange and employment, it can also provide operational grants for those involved in the tourist industry itself. The government is often concerned with both economic and social policies through tourism. From an economic point of view, governments want their country's economy to grow from the development of successful businesses. This section provides the impacts of tourist trips to Cairo and Giza from different aspects and connects these aspects to the context of these tourism activities in each of these two cities.

Economic impact: Tourism is the primary source of foreign exchange. Cairo and Giza regions are the main tourist spots in Egypt and were recognized as the seventh most visited region in the world in 2016, according to official data. Tourism business became one of the most vital for the region in order to prosper. Tourist inflow brings in significant economic advancements. Creating vacation activities can bring in income and create job opportunities, including food and beverage bars, accommodation, tourist transportation, and other travel amenities. Tourism has both direct and indirect economic impact in Giza and Cairo. Direct effects of tourism are related to the purchase of goods and services that the tourist industry requires to provide the visitor with integrated holiday services and departures for the activities providing the services. There are some economic impacts following those creating new jobs for local residents, or by paying employees increased utilities and accommodations. A major proportion of the total costs of production is spent in the local city, ensuring that the impact remains in the region.

Sustainable Tourism Practices

Due to the extensive nature of the visits that occur in the tourist sites of Cairo and Giza Governorates, international agencies that have experience in managing valuable historical and natural resources are keen to find sustainable solutions by adopting the principles of sustainable tourism that balance the preservation of the environmental tourist area, the preservation of aesthetic and cultural sites, and the well-being of the local community. The provision of tourist services must be characterized and meet the needs of visitors without compromising the future of those ancient monuments or their negative effects on visitor behavior during their walks and how to return the same few negative effects on the quality of life of those who live in an environment of those tourist areas whether providing guidance services for tourists and visitors by creating job opportunities and establishing local clubs around the sites or providing children from the local community and schools of their culture and civilization in that environment. In the light of this, tourist areas become a generator for economic activity in every country and a source of the flow of foreign currency through the receipt of remittances of tourists from their countries to the country of tourist trips.

Sustainable tourism is linked to the right of future generations to invest in tourist income and have access to that future without paying those sites or natural resources that were gained in advance, and sustainable tourism conventionally means that a large percentage of the profits from investment in tourist areas are directed to conserve local natural and environmental resources, such as investing in the preservation and development of environmental nature reserves or in the re-housing. Because of the damage or for the development of using renewable energy for local homes or the development of the chemical structure of those communities economically, socially, or environmentally so that shifting the pattern of local community consumption from the pattern of using the exhaust process to the pattern of using the process renewing environmentally, socially, and economically for the rule of two. These innovations of sustainable tourism reflect the local community's benefits from the investment tourism sector. There is a process by which tourists benefit in their journey, which is by first and last. By investing in the preservation of local natural resources, a modern portion of that is allocated. In Cairo and Giza, there are guesthouses that link strengthening the benefit of the local community in two distant places from the exploitation of the area of the two pyramids, the palace, the various modern restaurants, and modern tourist cafeterias, such as fresh raw horns, thereby widening the source of income of these peoples, by directing a portion of the medium profit for that craft and local industry for their benefit.

Conclusion and Future Prospects

Managing this contingent of visitors in a sustainable way is of critical importance and requires significant consideration of local practices and cultural sensitivities.

Conclusion: This study offers insights into the cultural itineraries of international visitors to Cairo and the impact that a visit to Giza can have on their main goals. The results indicate a well-distributed impact of tourist trips to Cairo, in particular, for the domains of knowledge, pleasure, self-discovery, experience, and remembrance. Tourist trips to Giza have a comparably well-distributed impact and also often allow tourists to see monuments they associate most with Egypt. At the same time, considerable uncertainty emerged among the participating tourists as to whether they would attribute seeing the Pyramid as the main highlight of their trips. The attitudes of the respondents echo heterarchic strategies based on the co-creative practices presented in definitions of sustainable tourism and point to opportunities for optimizing the impact of their trips in positive ways.

A sustainable development policy, respectful of human culture and biodiversity, must be aware of both these structural changes and of the dynamism of the cultures and environments in which it is embedded. It is clear that tourism development policy for historic and cultural sites must be designed and protected in order to avoid potential commercial risks without depriving local communities of the potential positive aspects. Given that it is clear that from the perspective of sustainable tourism, the host population is the most important factor. Therefore, actions like communication to get the involvement of the local communities are very important. This study also proposes that protection, enhanced by the cultivation of a heritage "sensitive" to innovative trends, should always be a strategy of primary importance. Only through this "sensitive," innovative brand-driven strategy will cities and their cultural heritage, and more importantly their identity, be able to cover negative aspects on a city's tourism development due to other structural changes. However, also a third point is important: the political-institutional-promotional and organizational capacity of any existing social-tourism network. An unfortunate situation can be seen not only as a new challenge representing the impetus for the development of integrated sustainable strategies but also as a chance for a thorough renewal of the tourism approach.

Things to note